ОСОБЕННОСТИ ДЛИТЕЛЬНОГО COVID У ЛЮДЕЙ, ЖИВУЩИХ С ВИЧ (обзор литературы)
Ключевые слова:
длительный COVID, лица, живущие с ВИЧ, популяционные исследования, постковидные осложнения.Аннотация
Введение. Длительный COVID – это состояние, при котором у переболевших COVID-19 сохраняются симптомы более четырех недель после заражения. Исследования показывают, что от 40,2% до 76% пациентов сталкиваются с различными симптомами длительного COVID, а среди людей, живущих с ВИЧ (ЛЖВ), этот риск может быть повышенным.
Цель исследования. Изучение литературных данных о рисках, клинических проявлениях и особенностях длительного COVID у ЛЖВ.
Материалы и методы. С целью изучения литературных данных был осуществлён поиск в базе PubMed. В процессе поиска были изучены 75 статей, опубликованных с 2020 года. Использованы следующие термины: «Long COVID and HIV», «Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV», «HIV and post-COVID symptoms». Основными критериями включения в обзор являлись метаанализы, оригинальные, ретроспективные и когортные исследования, посвящённые длительному COVID у ЛЖВ. Исключались публикации, касающиеся описания единичных случаев и статьи с клиническими случаями.
Результаты исследования. Можно утверждать, что ЛЖВ, даже на антиретровирусной терапии (АРВТ), имеют повышенный риск длительного COVID. В исследованиях, проведённых в Италии, Индии и США, ЛЖВ чаще сообщали об усталости, нарушениях сна и неврологических симптомах. В Южной Африке выявлен повышенный риск смертности от COVID-19 среди ЛЖВ. Кроме того, у ЛЖВ с длительным COVID отмечены иммунные изменения, включая повышенные уровни воспалительных маркеров (IP-10, IL-6).
Выводы. ЛЖВ подвержены повышенному риску длительного COVID, который чаще проявляется неврологическими симптомами, усталостью и растройствами сна, а не респираторными нарушениями, как в общей популяции. Также выявлены изменения в иммунной системе, которые могут играть роль в развитии заболевания. Однако данные остаются ограниченными, исследования имеют небольшие выборки. Для точного определения влияния ВИЧ-инфекции на риск и течение длительного COVID необходимы более масштабные и длительные популяционные исследования.
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